okhttp
, it will automatically use the system settings.http://example.com
, you should see output like the following when you are using Wireshark.Man-in-the-middle attacks work against any device and operating system as the attack is executed on OSI Layer 2 through ARP Spoofing. When you are MITM you might not be able to see clear text data, as the data in transit might be encrypted by using TLS, but it will give you valuable information about the hosts involved, the protocols used and the ports the app is communicating with.
iwconfig
on Kali Linux:If the separate access point belongs to the customer, all changes and configurations should be clarified prior to the engagement and a backup should be created, before making any changes.
apt-get
:iptables and wpa_supplicant are installed by default on Kali Linux.
OnCreate
or Main
method and re-create the app:rdr
on macOS:iptables
:/etc/hosts
on the mobile phone. Add an entry into /etc/hosts
for the target domain and point it to the IP address of your intercepting proxy. This creates a similar situation of being MiTM as with bettercap and you need to redirect port 443 to the port which is used by your interception proxy. The redirection can be applied as mentioned above. Additionally, you need to redirect traffic from your interception proxy to the original location and port.When redirecting traffic you should create narrow rules to the domains and IPs in scope, to minimize noise and out-of-scope traffic.
WebRequest.DefaultWebProxy
) you need to specify where traffic should go next, after redirecting the traffic to your intercepting proxy. You need to redirect the traffic to the original location. The following procedure is setting up a redirection in Burp to the original location:Note that starting with Android 7.0 (API level 24) the OS no longer trusts a user supplied CA certificate unless specified in the app. Bypassing this security measure will be addressed in the "Basic Security Testing" chapters.
When using bettercap you need to activate "Support invisible proxying" in Proxy Tab / Options / Edit Interface
TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA
SSLv1
TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256
TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384
HttpsURLConnection
or SSLSocket
(for socket-level communication using TLS).android:usesCleartextTraffic
attribute of the <application>
tag in the AndroidManifest.xml file. Note that this flag is ignored in case the Network Security Configuration is configured.cleartextTrafficPermitted
attribute to true on <domain-config>
elements.SSLSocket
), be aware that it has to be securely implemented. For instance, SSLSocket
doesn't verify the hostname. Use getDefaultHostnameVerifier
to verify the hostname. The Android developer documentation includes a code example.Some applications may not work with proxies like Burp and OWASP ZAP because of Certificate Pinning. In such a scenario, please check "Testing Custom Certificate Stores and Certificate Pinning".